Intravesical therapies for bladder cancer - indications and limitations.

• Intravesical therapy is a well-established treatment option for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). • Choosing the appropriate intravesical agent, schedule and duration of treatment has long been an area of debate. • We review the intravesical agents that are currently used in the management of NMIBC and examine the indications and limitations of their use. • Given the relative high rates of toxicity, failure and non-completion of traditional treatments we also examine some of the newer treatment options available.